The WCAG Explained

Summary:
WCAG 1.1, including its sub-criterion 1.1.1, is all about making non-text content accessible. This is crucial because not everyone can access visual information the same way. The idea is to ensure that images, charts, and other non-text elements on a website or app are not roadblocks for users with disabilities, particularly those who rely on screen readers or have visual impairments.

What:
WCAG 1.1 requires that all non-text content (think images, graphs, charts, animations, etc.) has a text alternative. This helps users who can't see or interpret these elements in the usual way. Sub-criterion 1.1.1 zooms in on this, specifying text descriptions for every non-text element. These descriptions should convey the same purpose or information as the visual content.

Why:
This criterion is essential because it breaks down barriers for people with visual impairments. Imagine trying to understand a graph without being able to see it, or navigating a website where images convey crucial information but aren't described. Text alternatives level the playing field, giving these users access to the same information as everyone else.

Examples and Scenarios:

1. Images: A photo on a news article should have alt text describing what's in the image, not just "image" or "photo".
2. Graphs and Charts: For a graph showing climate change data, the alt text should summarize the key trends or data points, not just say "graph of climate data".
3. Icons and Buttons: An icon used for navigation, like a 'home' button, should have text explaining its function, not just its appearance.

How to Comply:

• Websites: Use the alt attribute in HTML for images. For complex graphics, consider a longer description nearby.
• Mobile Apps: Use accessibility labels for images and icons in your app's code.
• Documents: In PDFs or Word documents, add alt text to images through the format options.

Exceptions:

• Decorative Images: If an image is purely decorative and adds no information (like a stylistic border), it doesn't need a description.
• CAPTCHAs: These are exempt, as they're designed to tell humans and computers apart.
• Complex Media: If the content is too complex to describe succinctly (like a detailed map), a text alternative providing equivalent information is acceptable.